Another particular case is presented in, where two techniques are combined: RCA and nicking enzyme amplification. An interesting case is duplex-specific nuclease (DSN) assisted signal amplification, which has been observed in different types of optical sensors: fluorescence, plasmon resonances, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
With respect to amplification techniques, they are commonly used in biosensors for miRNA detection, such as catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA) or rolling circle amplification (RCA). This review work attempts to establish a clear association between optical sensors and rheumatoid arthritis biomarkers as well as to be an easy-to-use tool for the researchers working in this field.
It has been observed that the relationship between the corresponding biomarker and rheumatoid arthritis tends to be obviated most of the time when explaining the mechanism of the optical biosensor, which forces the researcher to look for further information about the biomarker.
An overview of the different optical biosensors (based on fluorescence, plasmon resonances, interferometry, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) among other optical techniques) used to detect these biomarkers is given, describing their performance and main characteristics (limit of detection (LOD) and dynamic range), as well as the connection between the respective biomarker and rheumatoid arthritis. A comprehensive review of optical biosensors for the detection of biomarkers associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is presented here, including microRNAs (miRNAs), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and histidine, which are biomarkers that enable RA detection and/or monitoring.
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